Comprehension of Immune–Microbiota in the Digestion: Review Article
Abstract
Microbiotas have a essential role on the training, induction, and function on immune system host. in response, the immune system has main evolvement and relation with different types microbes. When microbiota and the immune system operated in best and optimal way, this correlation allow to induce a defensive responses to a certain pathogens and preserve pathways to regulate inoffensive antigens. Nevertheless, the elimination of nematodes and the changing in diet has a selective microbiota that can tolerate, and diverse with the immune responses. This occurrence is established to account the theatrical rise in inflammatory disorder and the autoimmune. This review article aimed to understand the correlation between gut microbiota and the immune system and its impact, effect and link with disease, host and the health of the body, as well as the role and the impact of gut microbiota on the overabundance of pathologies. Additionally, the biomedical effect and importance was discussed as well precisely, the interaction between the host and the microbiota. In spite of the huge progress in the techniques, instruments and pathways, it is much easier now to demonstrate a basic mechanism that highlighted this interaction.
Downloads
References
Ahern, P. P., & Maloy, K. J. (2020). Understanding immune–microbiota interactions in the intestine. Immunology, 159(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13150
Mackowiak, P. A. (2013). Recycling Metchnikoff: Probiotics, the Intestinal Microbiome and the Quest for Long Life. Frontiers in Public Health, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00052
Orcutt RP, Gianni FJ, Judge RJ. (1987). Development of an Altered Schaedler Flora for Nci gnotobiotic rodents. Microecol Ther, 17, 59.
Kuczynski, J., Costello, E. K., Nemergut, D. R., Zaneveld, J., Lauber, C. L., Knights, D., Koren, O., Fierer, N., Kelley, S. T., Ley, R. E., Gordon, J. I., & Knight, R. (2010). Direct sequencing of the human microbiome readily reveals community differences. Genome Biology, 11(5), 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-210
MetaHIT Consortium, Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Levenez, F., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Li, J., Xu, J., Li, S., Li, D., Cao, J., Wang, B., Liang, H., … Wang, J. (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 464(7285), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08821
Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., Egholm, M., Henrissat, B., Heath, A. C., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2009). A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature, 457(7228), 480–484. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07540
Kau, A. L., Planer, J. D., Liu, J., Rao, S., Yatsunenko, T., Trehan, I., Manary, M. J., Liu, T.-C., Stappenbeck, T. S., Maleta, K. M., Ashorn, P., Dewey, K. G., Houpt, E. R., Hsieh, C.-S., & Gordon, J. I. (2015). Functional characterization of IgA-targeted bacterial taxa from undernourished Malawian children that produce diet-dependent enteropathy. Science Translational Medicine, 7(276), 276ra24-276ra24. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa4877
Hooper, L. V., Midtvedt, T., & Gordon, J. I. (2002). How host–microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annual Review of Nutrition, 22(1), 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259
Wu, H.-J., & Wu, E. (2012). The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Gut Microbes, 3(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.19320
Smith, K., McCoy, K. D., & Macpherson, A. J. (2007). Use of axenic animals in studying the adaptation of mammals to their commensal intestinal microbiota. Seminars in Immunology, 19(2), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2006.10.002
Schloissnig, S., Arumugam, M., Sunagawa, S., Mitreva, M., Tap, J., Zhu, A., Waller, A., Mende, D. R., Kultima, J. R., Martin, J., Kota, K., Sunyaev, S. R., Weinstock, G. M., & Bork, P. (2013). Genomic variation landscape of the human gut microbiome. Nature, 493(7430), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11711
Faith, J. J., Guruge, J. L., Charbonneau, M., Subramanian, S., Seedorf, H., Goodman, A. L., Clemente, J. C., Knight, R., Heath, A. C., Leibel, R. L., Rosenbaum, M., & Gordon, J. I. (2013). The Long-Term Stability of the Human Gut Microbiota. Science, 341(6141), 1237439. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237439
Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Baldassano, R. N., Anokhin, A. P., Heath, A. C., Warner, B., Reeder, J., Kuczynski, J., Caporaso, J. G., Lozupone, C. A., Lauber, C., Clemente, J. C., Knights, D., … Gordon, J. I. (2012). Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature, 486(7402), 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11053
MetaHIT consortium, Forslund, K., Hildebrand, F., Nielsen, T., Falony, G., Le Chatelier, E., Sunagawa, S., Prifti, E., Vieira-Silva, S., Gudmundsdottir, V., Krogh Pedersen, H., Arumugam, M., Kristiansen, K., Yvonne Voigt, A., Vestergaard, H., Hercog, R., Igor Costea, P., Roat Kultima, J., Li, J., … Pedersen, O. (2015). Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature, 528(7581), 262–266. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15766
Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Costello, E. K., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Fierer, N., & Knight, R. (2010). Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(26), 11971–11975. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002601107
Pasolli, E., Asnicar, F., Manara, S., Zolfo, M., Karcher, N., Armanini, F., Beghini, F., Manghi, P., Tett, A., Ghensi, P., Collado, M. C., Rice, B. L., DuLong, C., Morgan, X. C., Golden, C. D., Quince, C., Huttenhower, C., & Segata, N. (2019). Extensive Unexplored Human Microbiome Diversity Revealed by Over 150,000 Genomes from Metagenomes Spanning Age, Geography, and Lifestyle. Cell, 176(3), 649-662.e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.001
Helen Fields. (2015). The Gut: Where Bacteria and Immune System Meet. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/advancements-in-research/fundamentals/in-depth/the-gut-where-bacteria-and-immune-system-meet
Nash, A. K., Auchtung, T. A., Wong, M. C., Smith, D. P., Gesell, J. R., Ross, M. C., Stewart, C. J., Metcalf, G. A., Muzny, D. M., Gibbs, R. A., Ajami, N. J., & Petrosino, J. F. (2017). The gut mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project healthy cohort. Microbiome, 5(1), 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0373-4
Gevers, D., Kugathasan, S., Denson, L. A., Vázquez-Baeza, Y., Van Treuren, W., Ren, B., Schwager, E., Knights, D., Song, S. J., Yassour, M., Morgan, X. C., Kostic, A. D., Luo, C., González, A., McDonald, D., Haberman, Y., Walters, T., Baker, S., Rosh, J., … Xavier, R. J. (2014). The Treatment-Naive Microbiome in New-Onset Crohn’s Disease. Cell Host & Microbe, 15(3), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.005
Caporaso, J. G., Kuczynski, J., Stombaugh, J., Bittinger, K., Bushman, F. D., Costello, E. K., Fierer, N., Peña, A. G., Goodrich, J. K., Gordon, J. I., Huttley, G. A., Kelley, S. T., Knights, D., Koenig, J. E., Ley, R. E., Lozupone, C. A., McDonald, D., Muegge, B. D., Pirrung, M., … Knight, R. (2010). QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nature Methods, 7(5), 335–336. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.303
Talham GL, Jiang HQ, Bos NA, Cebra JJ. (1999). Segmented filamentous bacteria are potent stimuli of a physiologically normal state of the murine gut mucosal immune system. Infection and Immunity, 67(4), 1992-2000.
Kelly, T. N., Bazzano, L. A., Ajami, N. J., He, H., Zhao, J., Petrosino, J. F., Correa, A., & He, J. (2016). Gut microbiome associates with lifetime cardiovascular disease risk profile among bogalusa heart study participants. Circulation Research, 119(8), 956–964. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309219
Belkaid, Y., & Harrison, O. J. (2017). Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity, 46(4), 562–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008
Eckburg, P. B. (2005). Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora. Science, 308(5728), 1635–1638. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110591
Hamady, M., Walker, J. J., Harris, J. K., Gold, N. J., & Knight, R. (2008). Error-correcting barcoded primers for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples in multiplex. Nature Methods, 5(3), 235–237. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1184
Breitbart, M., Hewson, I., Felts, B., Mahaffy, J. M., Nulton, J., Salamon, P., & Rohwer, F. (2003). Metagenomic Analyses of an Uncultured Viral Community from Human Feces. Journal of Bacteriology, 185(20), 6220–6223. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.185.20.6220-6223.2003
Minot, S., Sinha, R., Chen, J., Li, H., Keilbaugh, S. A., Wu, G. D., Lewis, J. D., & Bushman, F. D. (2011). The human gut virome: Inter-individual variation and dynamic response to diet. Genome Research, 21(10), 1616–1625. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.122705.111
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014). Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation. Cell, 157(1), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011
Copyright (c) 2020 International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.